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==__**PHOTOGRAPHY**__ - the method of recording images on sensitized material, and the processing of this material to create a print, slide, or cine film. ==

**__Etymology of photography -__ ** "picture obtained by photography," coined by Sir John Herschel from photo-  + -graph  "instrument for recording." It won out over other suggestions, such as photogene  and heliograph.  Neo-Anglo-Saxonists prefer sunprint . The verb and photography  are all first found in a paper read before the Royal Society on March 14, 1839.

**__Different ways photography can be used -__** to advertise something, to capture a memorable moment and/or to use as evidence.

**__Different industries that use photography -__** Advertising, commercialism, film, science, astrology, artists, wedding planners, etc. **__Different types/kinds/genres of photography -__** Digital photography Light field photography Amateur Commercial Art Science and forensics Photocopy Photo-grams

The author expresses his focal point of the photo through lighting. it seems to focus on a lonesome man







=**__SHOT LENGTH__**=

1 . Extreme long shot
Extreme Long Shot This can be taken from as much as a quarter of a mile away, and is generally used as a scene-setting, establishing shot. It normally shows an EXTERIOR, eg the outside of a building, or a landscape, and is often used to show scenes of thrilling action eg in a war film or disaster movie. There will be very little detail visible in the shot, it's meant to give a general impression rather than specific information. //The extreme long shot on the left is taken from a distance, but denotes a precise location - it might even connote all of the entertainment industry if used as the opening shot in a news story.// Long Shot

2. Long Shot
This is the most difficult to categorise precisely, but is generally one which shows the image as approximately "life" size ie corresponding to the real distance between the audience and the screen in a cinema (the figure of a man would appear as six feet tall). This category includes the FULL SHOT showing the entire human body, with the head near the top of the frame and the feet near the bottom. While the focus is on characters, plenty of background detail still emerges: we can tell the coffins on the right are in a Western-style setting, for instance. Medium Shot

3. Medium Shot
Contains a figure from the knees/waist up and is normally used for dialogue scenes, or to show some detail of action. Variations on this include the TWO SHOT (containing two figures from the waist up) and the THREE SHOT (contains 3 figures...). NB. Any more than three figures and the shot tends to become a long shot. Background detail is minimal, probably because location has been established earlier in the scene - the audience already know where they are and now want to focus on dialogue and character interation. Another variation in this category is the OVER-THE-SHOULDER-SHOT, which positions the camera behind one figure, revealing the other figure, and part of the first figure's back, head and shoulder. Close up

4. Close-Up
This shows very little background, and concentrates on either a face, or a specific detail of mise en scène. Everything else is just a blur in the background. This shot magnifies the object (think of how big it looks on a cinema screen) and shows the importance of things, be it words written on paper, or the expression on someone's face. The close-up takes us into the mind of a character. In reality, we only let people that we really trust get THAT close to our face - mothers, children and lovers, usually - so a close up of a face is a very intimate shot. A film-maker may use this to make us feel extra comfortable or extremely uncomfortable about a character, and usually uses a zoom lens in order to get the required framing. Extreme Close Up

5. Extreme Close-Up
As its name suggests, an extreme version of the close up, generally magnifying beyond what the human eye would experience in reality. An extreme close-up of a face, for instance, would show only the mouth or eyes, with no background detail whatsoever. This is a very artificial shot, and can be used for dramatic effect. The tight focus required means that extra care must be taken when setting up and lighting the shot - the slightest camera shake or error in focal length is very noticeable.

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=__**CAMERA ANGLES**__=

1. The Bird's-Eye view
This shows a scene from directly overhead, a very unnatural and strange angle. Familiar objects viewed from this angle might seem totally unrecognisable at first (umbrellas in a crowd, dancers' legs). This shot does, however, put the audience in a godlike position, looking down on the action. People can be made to look insignificant, ant-like, part of a wider scheme of things. Hitchcock (and his admirers, like Brian de Palma) is fond of this style of shot. A cameraman, raised above the action, gets a high angle shot

2. High Angle
Not so extreme as a bird's eye view. The camera is elevated above the action using a crane to give a general overview. High angles make the object photographed seem smaller, and less significant (or scary). The object or character often gets swallowed up by their setting - they become part of a wider picture.

3. Eye Level
A fairly neutral shot; the camera is positioned as though it is a human actually observing a scene, so that eg actors' heads are on a level with the focus. The camera will be placed approximately five to six feet from the ground.

4. Low Angle
These increase height (useful for short actors like Tom Cruise or James McAvoy) and give a sense of speeded motion. Low angles help give a sense of confusion to a viewer, of powerlessness within the action of a scene. The background of a low angle shot will tend to be just sky or ceiling, the lack of detail about the setting adding to the disorientation of the viewer. The added height of the object may make it inspire fear and insecurity in the viewer, who is psychologically dominated by the figure on the screen.

5. Oblique/Canted Angle
Sometimes the camera is tilted (ie is not placed horizontal to floor level), to suggest imbalance, transition and instability (very popular in horror movies). This technique is used to suggest POINT-OF-View shots (ie when the camera becomes the 'eyes' of one particular character,seeing what they see — a hand held camera is often used for this.

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=__**TYPES OF LIGHTING**__=

**Front Lighting**

 * Front lighting is accomplished by lighting the subject directly from the front or, in the case of outdoors photography, by taking the picture with the sun to your back. This form of lighting is good for accentuating details in your photograph, but has the often-undesirable effect of giving your subjects a flat and uninteresting look.

Side Lighting

 * Side lighting is a useful alternative to front lighting. Lighting your subject from an angle will create shadows, resulting in more intriguing and artistic-looking photographs. Shadows provide the eye with additional information, creating the illusion of depth. Varying the angle at which the light shines will produce different results, and a little experimentation may produce new and interesting effects.

Back Lighting

 * Back lighting is often used to create a silhouette effect by placing a light source behind the subject. It is also effective when taking pictures of people who are standing in direct sunlight or otherwise harsh light. People will often squint when facing a bright light, and this is easily remedied by turning them away from the light. Reflected light or a fill flash will help in reducing shadows caused by back lighting, where desired.

Three-point Lighting

 * Three-point lighting is a combination of front, side and back lighting. The front, or key, light is the primary means of illuminating the subject (in outdoor photography, the sun is generally used as the key light). The side, or fill, light is used to generate shadows, and you can vary this light's angle and strength for different stylistic effects. The back light is used to help make the subject stand out from the background of the photograph.

Diffuse Lighting

 * Diffuse lighting results in a softer light that can generate dramatic effects and often preserves details that would be lost in bright sunlight or under harsh artificial lights. This type of lighting occurs naturally during the early morning and late afternoon hours, and is prevalent on cloudy days. You can generate your own diffuse lighting effects by placing a softbox in front of your light source or through the use of a reflective umbrella.